The general formatting of a citation is the same for both footnotes and endnotes, depending on which you choose. Endnotes list all citations at the end of the document. 1 Footnotes and Endnotesįootnotes list citations at the bottom of the page for information cited on that page. The Titanic sank on her maiden voyage after hitting an iceberg on April 14, 1912. Within your text, place superscript numbers at the end of the clause or sentence and after all punctuation, including commas, periods, and quotation marks. You will use each superscript number only once. SuperscriptsĬhicago uses superscript numbers ( 1, 2, 3) within the text to guide readers to the citation in either a footnote or endnote. You will also cite all sources from the text in a Bibliography at the end of the document.
When using Chicago's Notes and Bibliography (NB) system, you will use superscripts within the text to refer to citations in the footnotes or endnotes. This handout describes the Notes and Bibliography system, which is commonly used in history and the humanities. "Lincoln's vision of democracy-a vision, it should be noted, strongly shared by Tarbell-could only be saved if the Union was saved.Chicago Style has two systems for citation: (1) Notes and Bibliography or (2) Author-Date. If you do not include a bibliography, the footnotes/endnotes in your paper must be full citations. If you include a bibliography, or if you are citing a source for the second time, you can use shortened citations for your footnotes or endnotes. Footnotes/endnotes are formatted differently than bibliography citations. You use a superscript number in the text that corresponds to a note with citation information at the end of the document (endnotes) or at the bottom of the page (footnotes).
Bibliographies are usually included at the end of your paper. Bibliographies are optional in the Chicago Manual of Style, but be sure to ask your professor for their requirements.įootnotes or endnotes are how you give credit to a source in the text itself.
In the Chicago Manual of Style (also known as Turabian), a bibliography is an alphabetical list of all of the sources that you have quoted, paraphrased, and/or summarized in the body of your research-based assignment.
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